The Advanced TeXbook

Preface..........v

Chapter 1: Introduction..........1

1.1 Basics..........2

1.2 Line Breaking and Page Layout..........6

1.3 Fonts..........7

1.4 The CM Fonts..........8

1.5 Font Examples..........10

1.6 Dimensions.........11

1.7 Scaling and Magnification..........12

Chapter 2: Advanced Introduction..........15

2.1 Registers..........17

2.2 \the..........18

2.3 Modes..........18

2.4 Anatomy of TeX..........18

2.5 Characters..........20

2.6 Upper- and Lowercase Characters..........21

2.7 End-of-Line..........22

2.8 Numbers..........23

2.9 Category Codes..........23

2.10 Commands..........24

2.11 Assignments..........26

2.12 Lists..........26

2.13 Whastsits..........27

2.14 Parameters..........28

2.15 Discardable Items..........28

2.16 Macros..........29

2.17 Formats..........31

Chapter 3: Boxes and Glue..........33

3.1 \hbox..........35

3.2 Box Registers..........38

3.3 Modes..........41

3.4 \vbox..........42

3.5 \boxmaxdepth..........46

3.6 \vtop..........48

3.7 Opening Boxes..........51

3.8 Simple Box Examples..........52

3.9 Glue..........53

3.10 Infinitely Flexible Glues..........55

3.11 Negative Multiples of fil..........57

3.12 The filneg Glues..........58

3.13 Glues with Negative Dimensions..........59

3.14 Predefined Fills..........60

3.15 Different Orders of Infinity..........60

3.16 The Glue Set Ration..........61

3.17 The Definition of Badness..........62

3.18 Classifying "Bad" Boxes..........63

3.19 The Interline Glue..........64

3.20 Suppressing the Interline Glue..........65

3.21 \kern..........66

3.22 Rules..........66

3.23 Placing Accents, an Example..........68

3.24 Phantoms and \smash..........71

3.25 More Advanced Examples..........74

3.26 Excercises..........77

3.27 \vsplit..........79

3.28 \lastbox..........82

Chapter 4: Paragraphs..........87

4.1 Paragraph Start and End..........89

4.2 \everypar..........90

4.3 Horizontal Lists..........90

4.4 The InterWord Glue..........91

4.5 The Interline Glue..........95

4.6 Controlling Line Spacing..........96

4.7 Different Paragraph Shapes..........97

4.8 The Paragraph Indentation..........98

4.9 The Hanging Indentation..........98

4.10 \vadjust..........101

4.11 \obeylines..........102

4.12 Concatenating Paragraphs..........103

4.13 \par..........103

4.14 Example..........104

4.15 \prevgraf..........106

4.16 \parshape..........107

Chapter 5: Macros..........109

5.1 Delimiting Parameters..........110

5.2 Macro Names..........111

5.3 Spurious Spaces..........111

5.4 Space Following a Number..........113

5.5 Reading the Source File..........114

5.6 Braces..........115

5.7 \let..........116

5.8 \futurelet..........117

5.9 \afterassignment..........119

5.10 \aftergroup..........121

5.11 \expandafter..........121

5.12 \csname..........124

5.13 Double ##..........126

5.14 Nested Macro Definitions..........127

5.15 Nested Macro Expansions..........129

5.16 Recursion..........130

5.17 \edef..........132

5.18 Other Ways to Define Macros..........134

5.19 Debugging Aids..........135

5.20 \catcode..........137

5.21 \jobname..........138

5.22 \chardef..........139

5.23 Unexpandable Control Sequences..........140

5.24 Active Characters..........140

5.25 Summary..........141

Chapter 6: Conditionals..........143

6.1 Types of Conditionals..........144

6.2 Boolean Variables..........145

6.3 \ifx..........146

6.4 \if..........151

6.5 \ifcat..........153

6.6 Nested ifs..........154

6.7 Examples..........155

6.8 Evaluation of Conditionals..........159

6.9 Conclusion..........160

Chapter 7: Examples of Macros..........161

7.1 Slanted Lines..........161

7.2 Generating a Grid..........163

7.3 Scanning the Argument..........165

7.4 Transferring an Argument..........165

7.5 Vertical Printing..........166

7.6 Scanning a String..........168

7.6 Reversing the Argument..........167

7.8 Adding a Constant..........168

7.9 Writing Strings on File..........169

7.10 Verbatim Listings..........171

7.11 Fancy Verbatim..........175

7.12 Complete Verbatim Macros..........179

7.13 Ignoring the Last Character..........181

7.14 Spreading on a String..........181

7.15 Placing Commas Between Digits..........182

7.16 A Table with No Markup..........183

7.17 Looking at the Next Word..........185

7.18 Bracketing Text..........185

7.19 A DropShadow..........186

7.20 Combining Text and Diagrams..........186

7.21 A Variation on \boxit..........188

7.22 Fitting Text in a Given Box..........189

7.23 The Sierpinski Triangle..........189

7.24 Macros for Looping..........190

7.25 Excercise..........192

Chapter 8: Tokens and File I/O..........193

8.1 \toks..........193

8.2 Example..........196

8.3 Toks and Macros..........196

8.4 File I/O..........198

8.5 Example: Keyboard Input..........199

8.6 Example: File Input/Output..........199

8.7 Writing Arbitrary Strings on a File..........201

8.8 Last Words..........209

Chapter 9: Multipass Jobs..........211

9.1 Cross-referencing a Document..........211

9.2 General Cross-referencing..........213

9.3 Creating a Table of Contents..........216

9.4 The Page Number..........218

9.5 Formatting the TOC..........219

9.6 Remarks..........219

9.7 A Simple Example..........220

Chapter 10: Special Topics..........221

10.1 Pasting Material in Textures..........221

10.2 Creating Shaded Boxes with PostScript..........223

10.3 Arithmatic Calculations..........225

Chapter 11: Leaders..........229

11.1 Horizontal Leaders..........229

11.2 Brace Fills..........231

11.3 Staggered Leaders..........232

11.4 Vertical Leaders..........233

11.5 Excercises..........234

11.6 Example..........234

Chapter12: Tables..........237

12.1 \halign..........238

12.2 Examples of \halign..........238

12.3 Remarks....................243

12.4 \valign..........246

Chapter 13: Advanced Math..........249

13.1 General Background..........249

13.2 Noncentered Displays..........250

13.3 Fonts in Math Mode..........251

13.4 The Four Styles..........254

13.5 Mathematical Units of Dimension..........256

13.6 Spacing in Math Mode..........256

13.7 Ordinary Symbols..........259

13.8 Large Operators..........260

13.9 Binary Operations..........262

13.10 Relations..........262

13.11 Combining Relations..........263

13.12 Openings and Closings..........264

13.13 Punctuations..........264

13.14 Inner Subformulas..........264

13.15 Delimiters..........265

13.16 Radicals..........266

13.17 \mathaccent..........267

13.18 Horizontally Extensible Symbols..........267

13.19 Super- and Subscripts..........268

13.20 Ellipses..........269

13.21 The Vertical Bar..........270

13.22 \mathsurround..........270

13.23 Excercises..........270

Chapter 14: Line & Page Breaks..........271

14.1 The Tolerance..........272

14.2 The Definition of Demerits..........273

14.3 The Line-break Algorithm..........273

14.4 Hyphenation..........282

14.5 The Page-break Algorithm..........283

Chapter 15: Handling Errors..........285

15.1 Warnings..........285'

15.2 Errors..........286

15.3 Fatal Errors..........292

15.4 General Notes..........293

Chapter 16: Output Routines..........295

16.1 Introduction..........296

16.2 The MVL and the Page Builder..........297

16.3 The Current Page and LRC..........299

16.4 Examples..........305

16.5 a "Boxed" Page..........307

16.6 Header and Footer..........308

16.7 A Title Page..........309

16.8 Printer Crop Marks..........309

16.9 A Bordered Page..........312

16.10 Mailing Lables..........313

16.11 \vsplit..........315

16.12 Splitting a Box..........316

16.13 Double-column Pages..........317

16.14 \raggedbottom..........320

16.15 Facing Figures..........321

16.16 Selective Page Shipout..........323

16.17 End of the Document..........324

Chapter 17: OTR Techniques: I..........327

17.1 Technique: Special Penalties..........328

17.2 The \lastxx Commands..........329

17.3 Technique: Breaking up a Page..........329

17.4 Duplicating a Page..........331

17.5 Reversing a Page..........333

17.6 Counting the Lines..........333

17.7 Breaking up a Line of Text..........334

17.8 Technique: Using \rightskip..........335

17.9 Technique: Using \parshape..........335

17.10 The Depth of \box255..........335

17.11 Technique: Communication by Kern..........336

17.12 {ractical Examples of OTRs..........336

17.13 Example: Start a Chapter..........336

17.14 Example: A Religious Hymn..........337

17.15 Example: Line Numbersing..........339

17.16 Example: Footnote Numbering..........341

17.17 A Simple but Wrong Approach..........341

17.18 A 2-pass Method..........342

17.19 Another 2-pass Solution ..........343

17.20 A Complex, 3-pass Approach..........345

17.21 Tables Broken Across Pages..........349

17.22 Communication by Special Vboxes..........350

17.23 Verse Numbers in the Left Margin..........351

17.24 Problems with This Approach..........352

17.25 Verse Numbers, Another Method..........353

17.26 A "Special Box" OTR..........356

17.27 Example: Revision Bars..........358

17.28 Summary..........361

Chapter 18: OTR Techniques: II..........363

18.1 Method 1..........364

18.2 About the Examples..........365

18.3 Example 1: Widening Letters..........365

18.4 Method 2..........370

18.5 Example 2: Marginal Notes..........372

18.6 Tests..........374

18.7 Method 3..........375

18.8 Example 3: Revision Bars..........377

Chapter 19: Insertions..........385

19.1 Introduction..........385

19.2 A Simple Example..........386

19.3 Insertions (Introductory)..........387

19.4 Insertions (Intermediate)..........388

19.5 Tracing Insertions (Preliminary)..........389

19.6 Example: Endnotes..........389

19.7 Example: Footnotes..........391

19.8 Example: Right Margin Insertions..........393

19.9 Example: Floating Insertions..........394

19.10 Example: Two Insertion Classes..........397

19.11 The Plain Format OTR..........398

19.12 \supereject..........400

19.13 \insertpenalties..........401

19.14 Insertions (Advanced)..........401

19.15 Tracing (in Detail)..........407

19.16 Summary..........413

19.17 Endnotes..........413

19.18 Practical OTR Problems..........414

Chapter 20: Example Format..........417

20.1 Preliminaries..........417

20.2 The Main Macros..........419

20.3 The Final Typesetting..........427

20.4 The TOC Macros..........428

20.5 The Index..........429

20.6 Special Characters..........430

References..........435

Answers to Excercises..........439

Index..........417

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